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HUMAN COMMUNITIES AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Q.8. Briefly explain the case study of CNG use in Delhi. Ans. Introduction: Pollution is one of the major issues causing concern not only in India but across the world. The technological advancement and speedy development since India's Independence has come at a great environmental cost. Delhi, the national capital of the country, is being tagged as one of the most heavily polluted capital cities in the world. It is the world's worst city in terms of air pollution, with an unhealthy air quality index for the majority of the year. Case Study: Use of CNG in Delhi Because the government had taken no appropriate action to combat air pollution, the Supreme Court of India took over the responsibility and issued on July 28, 1998 a time frame for measures to be taken. The order was directed towards the government of the national capital region (NCR), which includes Delhi. Measures taken: (i) Replacement of all pre-1990 autos and taxis with new vehicles using fuels clean. (ii) Financial

HUMAN COMMUNITIES AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Q.7. Write a short note on Environmental Communication and Public Awareness. Or Discuss the role of Environment Communication and Public Awareness in environmental protection.  Ans. Introduction: Environmental communication is the communication or discussion of environmental issues. It helps in sharing information about issues and aids in finding solutions about problems.  Functions of environmental communication: (i) Pragmatic: It consists of verbal and nonverbal communication that conveys an instrumental purpose. For example, a pragmatic function of communication occurs when an environmental organization educates its supporters and rallies public support for protecting a wilderness area.  (ii) Constitutive: It entails verbal and nonverbal modes of interaction that shape. orient, and negotiate meaning, values, and relationships. It includes different perspectives about environmental issues.  Public Awareness: If we have to improve the environment, public awareness is the primary re

HUMAN COMMUNITIES AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Q.6. Elucidate the role of religions and cultures in environmental conservation. Ans. Introduction: Environmental conservation is the broad term for anything that furthers the goal of making life more sustainable for the planet. Ultimately. people want to help the planet survive naturally and with no negative impact from the human race. Role of religions:  (i) Hinduism: It is clear that the most ancient texts on Hinduism demonstrate through the praise of the deities an ecological awareness and great respect for the natural world. There are many specific teachings on environmental matterscontained in all these writings and ecological activists have drawn much inspiration from the text. For example, do not cut trees, because they remove pollution according to the Rig Veda. (ii) Buddhism: Buddhism has been the inspiration in recent times for much practical work on environmental protection. It is often ranged against governments which seek to improve their economies by rapid development

HUMAN COMMUNITIES AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Q.5. Briefly explain environmental ethics. Ans. Introduction: Environmental ethics studies the relation of human being and the environment and how ethics play a role in them Environmental ethics believe that humans are a part of society as well as other living creatures, which includes plants and animals.  Environmental Ethics is important because its study forces people to consider how their actions affect others and the environment. When people realize their effect, they are more likely to take steps to change uncomfortable behaviours; for instance, they may decide to recycle, to be compassionate towards animals, or to be an advocate for wilderness preservation. Types of Environmental Ethics: (i) Conservation Ethics: Conservation ethics looks only at the worth of the environment in terms of its utility or usefulness to humans. The conservation ethic is an ethic of resource use, allocation, exploitation, and protection. Its primary focus is upon maintaining the health of the natural w

HUMAN COMMUNITIES AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Q.4. Write a short note on the following environmental movements: (a) Chipko Movement  (b) Silent Valley (c) Bishnois of Rajasthan Ans. (a) Chipko Movement Introduction: The Chipko Movement was started in the northern Himalayan segment of Uttar Pradesh, the area that is well known as Uttarakhand. The word "chipko" refers "to stick" or "to hug". The name of the movement comes from a word meaning "embrace": where the villagers hug the trees, saving them by interposing their bodies between them and the contractors' axes. Objectives: -to ensure an ecological balance. -to ensure the survival of the tribal people whose economic activities revolved around these forests Movement: The Chipko Movement was started in the 1970s in Uttarakhand state by founder Sunderlal Bahugana along with many volunteers and women with the aim of protecting the trees by clinging to them with a non-violent protest. Sunderlal Bahuguna was a renowned Gandhi Follower and he

HUMAN COMMUNITIES AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Q.3. What is Disaster Management? Explain appropriate measures to manage floods, earthquakes, cyclones and landslides.  Ans. Introduction: Disaster Management can be defined as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitaria aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters.  Objectives of Disaster Management: - Proactive plans to mitigate various business risks -Minimizing loss via more effective preparedness and response  -Creating more effective and durable recovery Phases of Disaster Management: (i) Prevention: Prevention was recently added to the phases of emergency management. It focuses on preventing the human hazard, primarily from potential natural disasters or terrorist attacks. Preventive measures are taken, designed to provide permanent protection from disasters. In electrical risks, a periodical power quality audit and exhaustive  (ii) Mitigation: In pre

HUMAN COMMUNITIES AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Q.2. Explain the resettlement and rehabilitation plan of people affected by a project. Ans. Introduction: Lakhs of people displaced by the 300 dams of the Sardar Sarovar Project are victims of an infrastructural project. Tribals were affected by Sardar Sarovar dam under construction at Vadgam village in Gujarat in western part of India. The dam alone displaces more than 41,000 families Le, over 200,000 people in the three states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh. Over 56 percent of the people affected by the dam are tribals Victims together protested for rehabilitation and resettlement under the banner of Narmada Bachao Andolan." Resettlement Plan: (i) Land Allocation: In accordance with the land acquisition act, people displaced because of the dam are to get compensation in the form of land elsewhere. The Narmada Bachao Committee has surveyed the victitas and taken account of land to be disbursed.  (ii) Cash Compensation: To those whom the government cannot provide an

HUMAN COMMUNITIES AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Q.1. What is population explosion and state its impact on environment, health and welfare?  Or Human population explosion is causing severe resource depletion and environmental degradation. Ans. Introduction: Population explosion refers to the rapid and dramatic rise in world population that has occurred over the last few hundred years. Between 1959 and 2000, the world's population increased from 2.5 billion to 6.1 billion people. According to United Nations projections, the world population will be between 7.9 billion and 10.9 billion by 2050. Most of the growth is currently taking place in the developing world, where rates of natural increase are much higher than in industrialized countries. This might lead to over population in some countries.  Causes of Rapid Population Growth: (i) Poverty: Poverty is believed to be the leading cause of overpopulation. A lack of educational resources, coupled with high death rates leading to higher birth rates, result in impoverished areas see

Ecosystem

  Q.5. Differentiate between the following: (a)     Forest ecosystem and Pond ecosystem (b)    Forests and Grassland ecosystem (c)     Fresh water and Marine ecosystem (d)    Desert and Aquatic ecosystem (e)    Primary succession and Secondary succession Ans.  (a) Difference between Ecosystem and Pond Ecosystem Basis Forest ecosystem Pond ecosystem Meaning Forest ecosystem is a system in which plants, animals and microorganisms exist and interact among themselves. Pond ecosystem is a small temporary water body with high water levels in the monsoon. Perennial Forests are perennial in nature as they are present throughout the year. Pond remain in the monsoon season and dry up in summers. They are temporary in nature. Food chains Food chains are long in forests due to its rich diversity. Food chains tend to be short in ponds.